Photography cheat sheet: aperture controls on your camera and lenses

Aperture diagram
(Image credit: Future)

The aperture of your lens is one of the three fundamentals of exposure in photography, and one element of the exposure triangle. Changing the aperture allows you to alter both the exposure of a picture and how much of it appears sharply focused.

The aperture itself requires little explanation: it’s a physical hole in the lens that light passes through to reach your camera’s imaging sensor. In most lenses, this hole is formed by overlapping blades that create a diaphragm, which regulates how much light is let into the camera.

Read more: the best cameras for photography

Large apertures let more light into the camera; small apertures reduce the amount of light. That bit is easy enough to understand. What’s more confusing is the set of numbers that represent the size of the aperture. 

The first thing to consider is that f-numbers aren’t a physical measurement of the diameter of the aperture. Instead, they represent the ratio between the diameter and the focal length. An aperture of f/4 actually means the focal length (f) divided by four, and an aperture of f/16 means the focal length divided by 16. Using this rule, you know that when a 400mm lens is set to f/8, for example, the diameter of the aperture is 50mm.

Aperture diagram

Here's a quick overview of the aperture controls on your camera. Why not save it and refer back to it later? (Image credit: Future)

Aperture and lens choice

What are the best camera lenses to buy? Despite the majority of lenses offering a range of apertures, they are usually described by their maximum or largest available aperture, such as ‘85mm f/1.8’ or ‘85mm f/1.4’. Many zoom lenses have what’s known as a ‘floating’ aperture, where the maximum changes as the lens is zoomed. For instance, an 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 lens has a maximum aperture of f/3.5 at the wide end, but this narrows to f/5.6 when the lens is zoomed to the telephoto setting.

Keep an eye on the shutter speed if you’re shooting in Aperture Priority mode: it will become slower in order to maintain the same exposure as the aperture gets smaller, which can lead to blurred pictures. Be prepared to increase the ISO to compensate for this, or use Auto ISO and let the camera handle it for you. 

Aperture diagram

Here's a quick overview of the aperture controls on your lens. Why not save it and refer back to it later? (Image credit: Future)

Read more

Photography cheat sheets
What is aperture?
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Lauren Scott
Managing Editor

Lauren is the Managing Editor of Digital Camera World, having previously served as Editor of Digital Photographer magazine, a practical-focused publication that inspires hobbyists and seasoned pros alike to take truly phenomenal shots and get the best results from their kit. 


An experienced photography journalist who has been covering the industry for over eight years, she has also served as technique editor for both PhotoPlus: The Canon MagazinePhotoPlus: The Canon Magazine and DCW's sister publication, Digital Camera Magazine


In addition to techniques and tutorials that enable you to achieve great results from your cameras, lenses, tripods and other photography equipment, Lauren can regularly be found interviewing some of the biggest names in the industry, sharing tips and guides on subjects like landscape and wildlife photography, and raising awareness for subjects such as mental health and women in photography.